(!)Due to Microsoft's end of support for Internet Explorer 11 on 15/06/2022, this site does not support the recommended environment.
Instead, please kindly use other browsers like Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge or Mozilla Firefox.
50,000 Stock items for Same Day Ship Out.
All Categories
Categories
- Automation Components
A wide variety of standard and configurable components for factory automation engineers in industries such as automotive, semiconductor, packaging, medical and many more.
- Linear Motion
- Rotary Motion
- Connecting Parts
- Rotary Power Transmission
- Motors
- Conveyors & Material Handling
- Locating, Positioning, Jigs & Fixtures
- Inspection
- Sensors, Switches
- Pneumatics, Hydraulics
- Vacuum Components
- Hydraulic Equipment
- Discharging / Painting Devices
- Pipe, Tubes, Hoses & Fittings
- Modules, Units
- Heaters, Temperature Control
- Framing & Support
- Casters, Leveling Mounts, Posts
- Doors, Cabinet Hardware
- Springs, Shock Absorbers
- Adjusting, Fastening, Magnets
- Antivibration, Soundproofing Materials, Safety Products
- Fasteners
A good selection of accessories such as screws, bolts, washers and nuts that you may need for your daily engineering usage.
- Materials
Browse industrial materials ranging from heat insulating plates, sponges, to metal and plastic materials in different sizes to meet your various applications.
- Wiring Components
A wide variety of wiring parts for connecting and protecting control and PC parts including Connectors, Cables, Electric Wires, Crimping Terminals and more.
- LAN Cables / Industrial Network Cables
- Cables by Application
- Cables with Connectors
- RS232 / Personal Computers / AV Cables
- Wires/Cables
- Connectors (General Purpose)
- Crimp Terminals
- Zip Ties
- Cable Glands
- Cable Bushings/Clips/Stickers
- Screws/Spacers
- Cable Accessories
- Tubes
- Protection Tubes
- Ducts/Wiremolds
- General Purpose Tools
- Dedicated Tools
- Soldering Supplies
- Electrical & Controls
A wide variety of controls and PC parts for electrical engineers including Controls, Powers, PC parts and more.
- Cutting Tools
A wide variety of cutting tools for many uses and work materials including End Mills, Drills, Cutters, Reamers, Turning Tools and more.
- Carbide End Mills
- HSS End Mills
- Milling Cutter Inserts/Holders
- Customized Straight Blade End Mills
- Dedicated Cutters
- Turning Tools
- Drill Bits
- Screw-Hole-Related Tools
- Reamers
- Chamfering / Centering Tools
- Fixtures Related to Cutting Tools
- Step Drills
- Hole Saws
- Clean Key Cutters
- Core Drills (Tip Tools)
- Magnetic Drilling Machine Cutters
- Drill Bits for Electric Drilling Machines
- Woodworking Drill Cutters
- Drills for Concrete
- Processing Tools
A wide variety of tools and supplies used in processing including Machine Tools, Measurement Tools, Grinding and Polishing Supplies and more.
- Material Handling & Storage
A wide variety of goods used in shipment, material handling and warehouse including Tape supplies, Stretch film, Truck, Shelf, Crane and more.
- Tape Supplies
- Cushioning Materials
- Stretch Films
- Cardboard
- Plastic Bags
- PP Bands
- Magic Tapes / Tying Belts
- Rubber Bands
- Strings/Ropes
- Cable Ties
- Tags
- Labelers
- Unpacking Cutters
- Packing Support Equipment
- Cloth Sheets for Packing
- Conveyance/Dolly Carts
- Tool Wagons
- Tool Cabinets / Container Racks
- Lifters / Hand Pallets
- Container Pallets
- Storage Supplies
- Shelves/Racks
- Work Benches
- Suspended Clamps/Suspended Belts
- Jack Winches
- Chain Block Cranes
- Bottles/Containers
- Bicycle Storage Area
- Safety & General Supplies
A large variety of goods for every kind of factories and offices including Protection items, Cleaning supplies, sanitations, office supplies and more.
- Lab & Clean Room Supplies
A large variety of items used in R&D and Clean Room including research Equipment, Laboratory Essentials, Analysis Supplies, Clean Environment-Related Equipment and more.
- Press Die Components
Choose from thousands of standard stamping die components including Punch & Die, Gas Springs, Guide Components, Coil Springs and many more.
- Plastic Mold Components
Browse our wide variety of mold components including Ejector Pins, Sleeves, Leader Components, Sprue Bushings and many more.
- Ejector Pins
- Sleeves, Center Pins
- Core Pins
- Sprue bushings, Gates, and other components
- Date Mark Inserts, Recycle Mark Inserts, Pins with Gas Vent
- Undercut, Plates
- Leader Components, Components for Ejector Space
- Mold Opening Controllers
- Cooling or Heating Components
- Accessories, Others
- Components of Large Mold, Die Casting
- Injection Molding Components
Browse our injection molding components including Heating Items, Couplers, Hoses and more.
- Injection Molding Machine Products
- Accessories of Equipment
- Auxiliary Equipment
- Air Nippers
- Air Cylinders
- Air Chuck for Runner
- Chuck Board Components
- Frames
- Suction Components
- Parallel Air Chuck
- Special Air Chuck
- Chemical for Injection Molding
- Mold Maintenance
- Heating Items
- Heat Insulation Sheets
- Couplers, Plugs, One-touch Joints
- Tubes, Hoses, Peripheral Components
Search by Application
Brands
- Notice of End of Sales for Economy Series Pneumatic Equipment Category. More information.
Low-Pressure Inline Type Relief Valve RL Series (Part Numbers)
[Features]
· High cracking performance, and high sealability realized.
· Compact and lightweight design.
· Rich caliber lineup.
· Shipment adjusted for the cracking pressure at the factory.
(i)Caution
- Some of the items are scheduled to be discontinued as of end of March in 2023. The manufacturer keep the items produced but they are not available with Misumi.
There are not the replacement items and the plan to resumption of sale. Please check the quotation and order screen for details.
Japanese Only
Part Number
Configured Part Number is shown.
| Part Number | Standard Unit Price | Minimum order quantity | Volume Discount | Days to Ship | RoHS | Material | Seal Material | Connection Dia. (Entrance) | Connection Dia. (Exit) | Cracking pressure (KPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 100 | ||
SGD 266.76 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 1000 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 150 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 200 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 250 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 300 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 350 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 400 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 450 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 500 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 550 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 600 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 650 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 700 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 750 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 800 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 850 | ||
SGD 270.06 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 900 | ||
SGD 266.76 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 950 | ||
SGD 265.92 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 10 | ||
SGD 265.92 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 20 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 30 | ||
SGD 241.85 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 40 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 50 | ||
SGD 241.85 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 60 | ||
SGD 241.85 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 70 | ||
SGD 241.85 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 80 | ||
SGD 241.85 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 90 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 100 | ||
SGD 241.85 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 1000 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 150 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 200 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 250 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 300 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 350 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 400 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 450 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 500 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 550 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 600 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 650 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 700 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 750 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 800 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 850 | ||
SGD 243.87 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 900 | ||
SGD 241.85 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | NBR | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 950 | ||
SGD 264.55 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 10 | ||
SGD 264.55 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 20 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 30 | ||
SGD 240.52 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 40 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 50 | ||
SGD 240.52 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 60 | ||
SGD 240.52 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 70 | ||
SGD 240.52 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 80 | ||
SGD 240.52 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 90 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 100 | ||
SGD 240.52 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 1000 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 150 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 200 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 250 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 300 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 350 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 400 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 450 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 500 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 550 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 600 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 650 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 700 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 750 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 800 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 850 | ||
SGD 242.50 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 900 | ||
SGD 240.52 | 1 Piece(s) | 11 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | FKM (standard) | R3/8 | Rc3/8 | 950 | ||
SGD 436.79 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 10 | ||
SGD 436.79 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 20 | ||
SGD 414.75 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 30 | ||
SGD 411.10 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 40 | ||
SGD 414.75 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 50 | ||
SGD 411.10 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 60 | ||
SGD 411.10 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 70 | ||
SGD 411.10 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 80 | ||
SGD 411.10 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 90 | ||
SGD 414.75 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 100 | ||
SGD 411.10 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 1000 | ||
SGD 414.75 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 150 | ||
SGD 414.75 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 200 | ||
SGD 414.75 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 250 | ||
SGD 414.75 | 1 Piece(s) | 13 Day(s) or more | 10 | [Stainless Steel] SUS316 | Perfluoroelastomer | R1/2 | Rc1/2 | 300 |
Loading...
Basic Information
| Type | Quick Exhaust Valves | Input Side, Port Type P (P1) | Male thread | Exhaust Side, Port Type R | Female Thread |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pressure Resistance/Max. Operating Pressure(MPa) | 1.62 |
Specification/Dimensions
-
Material
- Brass (Brass)
- Stainless Steel
-
Seal Material
- NBR
- FKM (standard)
- Perfluoroelastomer
-
Connection Dia. (Entrance)
- R1
- R1-1/4
- R1/2
- R1/4
- R3/4
- R3/8
-
Connection Dia. (Exit)
- Rc1
- Rc1-1/4
- Rc1/2
- Rc1/4
- Rc3/4
- Rc3/8
-
Cracking pressure(KPa)
-
type
- RL
-
CAD
- 2D
- 3D
Days to Ship
-
- All
- 4 Day(s) or Less
- 7 Day(s) or Less
- 11 Day(s) or Less
- 12 Day(s) or Less
- 13 Day(s) or Less
- 19 Day(s) or Less
- 20 Day(s) or Less
Specify Alterations
- The specifications and dimensions of some parts may not be fully covered. For exact details, refer to manufacturer catalogs .
Tech Support
- Factory Automation, Electronics, Tools, & MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Operations)
- Tel：(65) 6733 7211 / FAX：(65) 6733 0211
- 9:00am - 6:00pm (Monday - Friday)
- Technical Inquiry
Payment Method
- Credit Card
- PayPal
- Bank Transfer
Social Media
MISUMI Contact
Copyright © MISUMI Corporation All Rights Reserved.
How can we improve?
How can we improve?